// Section 01

Element Dimensions — What You're Actually Designing Around 📏

All numbers verified against Appendix A figures (engineering drawings, authoritative). Glossary text is provided where it agrees; flagged where it doesn't.

Pins (Appendix A Figure A5)

The Override pin is not a uniform-diameter cylinder. It tapers along its length, with a wide base ring, a narrow neck, and a wider mid-section. An intake design that assumes a single "pin diameter" will fail the moment a pin enters in a different orientation.

Pin dimensionInchesmmNotes
Total height6.50165.0Glossary agrees
Height of lower (base) section2.9374.5From Figure A5
Height of upper (top) section3.0276.8From Figure A5
Height of base ring0.6416.2Bottom flare; sits on field
Maximum (base) outer diameter3.1680.3Widest point
Mid-section diameter2.3559.6The "cylindrical" portion
Narrowest neck diameter1.4035.6Where two halves meet
⚠️
Common AI/forum error: describing pins as "~1″ diameter" or "6″ long, 1″ diameter." The Glossary itself oversimplifies with a 1.6″ figure. Check Appendix A Figure A5; design for a tapered profile ranging from 1.40″ to 3.16″.

Cups (Appendix A Figure A6)

Cups are conical — wider at the rim (top) than at the base. They sit either gray-side-up or clear-side-up depending on which alliance loaded them.

Cup dimensionInchesmmNotes
Total height6.48164.5Glossary says ~6.5″ (close enough)
Rim outer diameter (top)3.1680.2Widest point. Glossary says 3.15″
Base diameter2.3259.0Stable footprint

Pin vs. Cup — Side By Side

Pin (max)Pin (min)Cup (rim)Cup (base)
Diameter3.16″1.40″3.16″2.32″
Height6.50″6.50″6.48″6.48″
💡
Useful coincidence: the cup's rim OD (3.16″) is the same as the pin's widest point. An intake sized to handle the pin's base ring will mechanically clear the cup's widest section. Both are roughly 6.5″ tall — they share an envelope.

Goal Heights (For Scoring Reach)

Goal typeHeight (inches)mm
Alliance-colored goal (4 of these)3.2582.5
Short neutral goal (4 of these)5.77146.5
Tall center goal (1 of this)8.77222.7

An arm or lift must reach all three heights cleanly while holding a pin or cup. The 8.77″ tall center goal is the demanding one — combined with the 6.5″ tall element, your release height needs to be roughly 15″ clear.

// Section 02

Flex Wheel Sizing — Doing the Math 🔬

Pinch geometry depends on wheel diameter, mounting spacing, and the element diameter at the contact zone. Get this wrong and you either crush the element or drop it.

The Three Numbers That Matter

  1. Wheel OD — the outer diameter of the flex wheel.
  2. Center-to-center spacing — distance between the axles of two opposing flex wheels in a pinch-point setup.
  3. Compression target — how much smaller you want the gap between wheels to be vs. the element diameter at the contact zone.

For a pinch-point intake with two opposing wheels (each of diameter D, axles spaced S apart), the gap between wheel surfaces is:

Gap = S − D

Set the Gap to be ~25–40% smaller than the element diameter at the contact zone. That gives the flex wheel enough compression to grip without crushing.

Worked Example — Sizing for the Pin Mid-Section (2.35″)

The pin's mid-section is its longest cylindrical region (about 3 inches tall). Targeting the mid-section as the contact zone is reliable.

Both sizes work geometrically. The choice between them comes down to:

What About Cups?

Cups have a 3.16″ rim OD and 2.32″ base OD. A pinch-point intake sized for the pin mid-section (1.65″ gap with 3″ wheels) will not swallow the cup — the cup's base alone is wider than the gap.

Three options for accommodating cups:

💡
Star-cut wheels (V-notches cut into the rubber edge) are a real mod some teams use for irregular shapes. They add compliance for tapered or non-cylindrical objects like the pin's base ring, at the cost of grip uniformity. Worth experimenting with on a prototype, but don't commit to it on V1.
// Section 03

Intake Patterns — Five Architectures 🧰

The dominant intake patterns in V5RC, evaluated for Override's pin + cup challenge.
1. Side-Roller Pinch (compression intake)

Two flex wheels rotate inward on either side of an element, compressing it as it enters. Element gets pinned against the intake floor or against opposing wheels.

Override fit: good for pins (mid-section is the natural contact zone). Workable for cups if the gap is opened. Single most common V5RC intake pattern.

Watts: 1 motor for both wheels (gear-coupled) — ~11W in the 88W R10a budget.

Trade-off: only handles one element at a time once gripped (actually beneficial for SG6 — possession is capped at 1 pin + 1 cup).

2. Top-Down Claw or Scoop

An arm-mounted claw closes around the element from above. Active (motor + pneumatics) or passive (rubber band + lift trigger).

Override fit: handles pins and cups equally well because both are 6.5″ tall and roughly 3″ max diameter. The top of the element is what gets grabbed.

Watts: 1 motor for the claw + arm motors. ~11W if motorized; 0W if pneumatic.

Trade-off: approach trajectory matters more than a roller pinch. The robot must be lined up over the element. Slower cycle time per piece.

3. Passive Flip Intake (spring-loaded tray)

A tray or hopper at the base of a lift arm. Rubber-band tensioned pivot. As the lift rises past a trigger height, the tray flips, dumping the element into a goal.

Override fit: limited. Override scoring is per-half pins/cups placed in goals — one element per match-load. A tray-tip mechanism that dumps multiple elements is over-built for the 1+1 possession cap. Useful pattern from past games (Tipping Point, In the Zone) where you carried 5+ rings/cubes; less so here.

Watts: 0W (passive) — nothing wasted, nothing earned.

Trade-off: mechanism complexity and weight for a benefit Override doesn't reward.

4. Flap or Ramp (passive)

A sprung flap that lets elements enter under the lift arm but not exit. As the arm rises, gravity pulls the element inward; on release, it slides into the goal.

Override fit: excellent for cups (geometry rolls them naturally). Workable for pins (taper helps them slide in base-first).

Watts: 0W.

Trade-off: requires an active grip mechanism elsewhere on the lift to actually score, otherwise the element just falls out during transport.

5. Twin Flywheel

Two opposed flywheels that grab and shoot or fling. Common in Spin Up / Over Under era for game-piece launching.

Override fit: not relevant. Override pins/cups are placed by hand or by precision arm into goals; there's no scoring opportunity that involves projectile motion.

Recommendation for V1 Hero Bot

The Spartan V1 hero bot uses pattern 1 (side-roller pinch) with a configurable gap that handles both pins and cups. See Spartan Hero Bot for the as-designed mechanism. For V2 polish, see override-secondary-mechanisms.

// Section 04

Pivot & Pickup — Pin Orientation Reality 🔄

Pins on the field can be standing, on their side, or partially tipped. Your intake must handle all three.

Field Pin Orientations

At match start, all pins are placed in known orientations (standing, on platform, etc. — see Field Overview, page 9 of manual). During the match, pins can end up in arbitrary orientations: kicked over, tipped at angles, propped against a goal, partially fallen.

Your intake design has to make a choice: handle one orientation reliably and refuse the others (waste cycles), or handle all three at lower reliability per attempt.

The Three Cases

Pivot Mechanism Options

Floor Trigger + Spring Pivot (Passive)
Intake is sprung against a stop. As lift arm rises, a cable/string/rubber band at a tuned length pulls the intake into a different orientation (e.g., flips the pin tray to dump). 0 watts, no extra motor.

Issue for Override: Override scores per element, not per tray-load. Passive flip is over-engineered.
Pneumatic Piston
Single-acting piston tilts the intake up, allowing element to drop into goal. Fast (milliseconds), 0 watts, requires pneumatic system on the robot.

Override fit: good for the "release into goal" phase. Pneumatic flicker on a piston is also viable for toggle flipping — rubber-tipped standoff strikes the toggle as the robot drives by. See override-secondary-mechanisms.
Active Motor Tilt
Dedicated motor on the intake pivot. Most accurate, most controllable. Costs ~11W from the R10a 88W budget.

Override fit: if your scoring routine requires precise placement (especially into the 8.77″ tall center goal where overshoot drops the element on the wrong side), the controllability of a motor wins over the speed of a piston.

The 1+1 Possession Reality

Per SG6, your robot can possess at most 1 pin + 1 cup at any time. That changes intake design priorities:

// Section 05

Trade-Offs — The Decision Matrix ⚖️

Putting it all together: which pattern is right for your team.

Decision Matrix

Pattern Pin handling Cup handling Watts Build complexity Best fit
Side-roller pinch Excellent (mid-section compress) Workable with wider gap ~11W (1 motor) Medium V1 hero bot — balanced reliability
Top-down claw Good (grabs top section) Excellent (grabs rim) 0–11W Medium-high Teams prioritizing cup work
Passive flip tray Possible Possible 0W High Skip for Override (over-engineered)
Flap/ramp passive Workable (taper helps) Excellent (rolls naturally) 0W Low V1 simple, requires separate grip elsewhere
Flywheel N/A N/A ~22W (2 motors) High Skip — not Override-relevant

Watts Budget Reality Check

Your robot has 88W total per R10a, with 55W reserved for Subsystem 1 (drivetrain) per R11a. That leaves 33W for everything else: arm/lift, intake, secondary mechanisms.

Rough budget for a typical V1 build:

Total typical: 66–88W. The intake choice can swing this 0–11W depending on whether you go pneumatic or motorized.

⚠️
Common error: assuming the "55W limit" applies to the intake. It doesn't. The 55W cap is Subsystem 1 only (drivetrain) per R11a. Your intake competes for the 33W of non-drivetrain budget within the R10a 88W total. Don't waste design effort optimizing against the wrong rule.

What I'd Build For V1

If you're starting from zero:

  1. Side-roller pinch intake with 3″ flex wheels, configurable gap (~1.5″ for cups, ~1.65″ for pins). 1 motor.
  2. Single-stage arm that reaches all 3 goal heights with element gripped. 1–2 motors.
  3. Pneumatic flicker for toggles. 0W.
  4. Skip the passive flip tray. Skip the flywheel. Skip anything that requires the robot to hold >1 element at a time.

This is roughly the configuration the V1 hero bot is built around. See Spartan Hero Bot for the as-designed CAD and parts list.

References

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